Sciatica
عرق النسا
Pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, from the lower back through the hip and down one leg, most often caused by a herniated disc pressing on the nerve. Distinct from general back pain in both its symptom pattern and typical treatment approach.
This information is for general awareness only and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Quick answer
Sciatica is pain that travels along the sciatic nerve — from the lower back through the buttock and down the back of the leg. It is a symptom of irritation or compression of the nerve, most often from a slipped (herniated) disc.
Typical signs are shooting or burning pain down one leg, sometimes with tingling, numbness or weakness. It usually affects one side and is often worse when sitting, coughing or sneezing.
Most sciatica improves within weeks with staying active, pain relief and time. Seek medical care if pain is severe, lasts more than a few weeks, or comes with weakness. Loss of bladder or bowel control or numbness between the legs is an emergency.
Symptoms
Pain from the lower back or buttock down the leg
Often sharp, shooting or burning.
Pain usually on one side
Tingling, pins and needles or numbness in the leg or foot
Weakness in the leg or foot
Pain worse with sitting, coughing, sneezing or straining
Difficulty standing up or walking
Lower back pain
May or may not be present.
Symptom guides
Causes and risk factors
Causes
- Slipped (herniated) disc — A disc pressing on a nerve root is the most common cause.
- Spinal narrowing (spinal stenosis) — Narrowing of the canal or nerve exit spaces.
- Degenerative changes and bone spurs
- Piriformis syndrome — Muscle tightness in the buttock irritating the nerve.
- Spondylolisthesis — A vertebra slipping forward over another.
- Less common causes — Injury, infection or tumours.
Risk factors
- Age 30–50, when disc problems are more common
- Overweight or obesity
- Prolonged sitting
- Physically demanding work involving lifting or twisting
- Smoking
- Diabetes — Increases the risk of nerve damage.
How is it diagnosed?
Sciatica is usually diagnosed from symptoms and a physical examination; imaging is used when needed.
History and examination
Pain pattern, strength, sensation, reflexes and leg-raising tests.
MRI
Used if symptoms are severe, persistent, or if surgery or injections are being considered, or if red flags are present.
X-ray or CT
In selected cases, for bony problems.
Nerve studies
Occasionally, to assess nerve function.
Treatment
Most sciatica gets better on its own over weeks. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and keeping you moving; more intensive options are considered if it persists.
Staying active
Gentle activity and walking are recommended over prolonged bed rest.
Pain relief
Simple painkillers and, for nerve pain, other medicines prescribed by a doctor; heat or cold packs may help.
Physiotherapy
Exercises to strengthen and stretch, and advice on posture and movement.
Injections
Steroid injections near the nerve root may be considered for persistent severe pain.
Surgery
Considered when there is significant weakness, loss of nerve function, or severe pain that doesn't respond to other treatment.
Avoid heavy lifting and long periods of sitting while symptoms are severe, but try to keep gently moving.
When should you see a doctor?
Arrange a medical assessment if
- Pain lasting more than about 4–6 weeks
- Pain that is severe or getting worse
- Leg weakness, foot drop or tripping
- Numbness or tingling that spreads
- You have diabetes, cancer history or a weakened immune system
Seek urgent care if
- Loss of control of the bladder or bowel, or difficulty passing urine
- Numbness around the genitals, buttocks or inner thighs (saddle numbness)
- Weakness in both legs, or rapidly worsening weakness
- Back pain with fever, unexplained weight loss, or after a significant injury
Prevention
Stay active and exercise regularly
Including core-strengthening and stretching.
Use good posture and lifting technique
Bend your knees, keep loads close to your body.
Maintain a healthy weight
Avoid prolonged sitting
Take breaks and move regularly.
Don't smoke
Frequently asked questions
What is sciatica?
Pain along the path of the sciatic nerve, from the lower back down the leg, caused by irritation or compression of the nerve.
What causes sciatica?
Most often a slipped disc pressing on a nerve root; also spinal narrowing and other spinal changes.
How long does sciatica last?
Many people improve within about six weeks, though it can take longer.
Should I rest or stay active?
Gentle activity is usually better than prolonged bed rest. Avoid activities that sharply worsen the pain.
Do I need an MRI?
Not usually at first. It is considered for severe or persistent symptoms, neurological deficits, or before injections or surgery.
When is sciatica an emergency?
With loss of bladder or bowel control, saddle numbness, or rapidly worsening weakness in the legs.
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Medical sources
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