Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, irritating its lining. Occasional acid reflux is normal, but GERD is diagnosed when it happens frequently — typically more than twice a week — or causes damage to the esophagus.

What Causes GERD

GERD develops when the lower esophageal sphincter (a muscular ring that normally prevents stomach contents from flowing back up) weakens or relaxes abnormally. Obesity, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, smoking, and certain foods (fatty or spicy foods, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol) are common contributing factors.

Symptoms

Our symptoms of GERD guide covers the full range in depth — the hallmark is a burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), often after eating or when lying down, along with regurgitation of sour or bitter-tasting material.

Diagnosis and Complications

GERD is often diagnosed based on symptoms alone; when symptoms are severe, unclear, or not responding to treatment, an upper endoscopy or other testing may be used. Left untreated, chronic GERD can lead to esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus) and, less commonly, Barrett's esophagus — a change in the esophageal lining that's a recognized long-term complication of chronic reflux and may prompt a doctor to recommend an endoscopy to check for it — which is why persistent symptoms are worth addressing rather than routinely masking with over-the-counter remedies. Our symptoms of GERD guide covers the warning signs that need prompt medical evaluation.

Managing GERD

Our GERD diet and lifestyle tips guide covers dietary and lifestyle changes in depth — these are the foundation of management for most people, alongside medications like antacids, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors for more persistent symptoms.