Depression
الاكتئاب
A common but serious mood disorder causing persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, and a range of physical and emotional problems that can affect daily functioning. It is treatable with psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, and seeking help early leads to better outcomes.
This information is for general awareness only and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Quick answer
Depression is more than feeling sad. It is a common medical condition in which low mood or loss of interest lasts for weeks and affects sleep, appetite, energy, concentration and daily functioning.
Common symptoms include persistent low mood, loss of pleasure, tiredness, sleep and appetite changes, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and difficulty concentrating.
Depression is treatable. Talking therapies, antidepressant medicines and lifestyle support — chosen with a doctor or mental-health professional — help most people. If you have thoughts of harming yourself, seek help immediately.
Symptoms
Persistent low or empty mood
Most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks.
Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
Tiredness and low energy
Changes in sleep
Trouble sleeping, waking early, or sleeping too much.
Changes in appetite or weight
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
Slowed movement or restlessness
Thoughts of death or self-harm
These need urgent attention.
Symptom guides
Causes and risk factors
Causes
- A combination of factors — Biological, psychological and social factors interact; there is usually no single cause.
- Stressful or traumatic life events — Loss, relationship problems, financial strain, abuse.
- Genetics and family history
- Medical conditions — Thyroid disorders, chronic illness, chronic pain and certain medicines.
- Hormonal changes — For example after childbirth.
Risk factors
- Family history of depression
- Previous depression or other mental-health conditions
- Major life stressors or trauma
- Chronic illness or pain
- Social isolation
- Substance misuse
- Pregnancy and the period after childbirth
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made by a doctor or mental-health professional through conversation; there is no blood test for depression.
Clinical interview
Symptoms, how long they've lasted, their impact, and any risk of self-harm.
Screening questionnaires
Standard tools such as the PHQ-9 help assess severity.
Physical health checks
Blood tests, such as thyroid function, may be done to look for medical causes.
Assessing risk and support
Safety, alcohol or drug use and social support are considered.
Treatment
Treatment depends on how severe the depression is and on your preferences and circumstances. It is decided together with your doctor or mental-health professional.
Talking therapies
Such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and other structured psychotherapies.
Antidepressant medicines
Prescribed for moderate to severe depression, often combined with therapy; they usually take several weeks to work and should not be stopped suddenly.
Lifestyle and support
Regular physical activity, sleep routines, reducing alcohol, and staying connected with people.
Specialist treatments
For severe or treatment-resistant depression, options are available under specialist care.
Follow-up
Regular review to check response and adjust treatment.
Never start, stop or change antidepressants without medical advice. Improvement usually takes time, and continuing treatment reduces the risk of relapse.
When should you see a doctor?
Arrange a medical assessment if
- Low mood or loss of interest lasting more than two weeks
- Symptoms interfering with work, study, relationships or sleep
- Increased alcohol or substance use to cope
- Depression after childbirth
- Symptoms not improving with treatment
Seek urgent care if
- Thoughts of suicide or of harming yourself or others
- A plan or intention to self-harm, or having attempted it
- Hearing voices or believing things that aren't real
- Being unable to care for yourself or a child
Prevention
Keep active
Regular physical activity supports mood.
Maintain sleep routines
Stay connected
Keep in touch with family and friends and ask for support early.
Manage stress
Limit alcohol and avoid drugs
Seek help early
Early treatment of low mood can prevent it deepening.
Frequently asked questions
What is depression?
A common mental-health condition with persistent low mood or loss of interest that affects daily life.
What is the difference between sadness and depression?
Sadness is a normal response to hard events and passes. Depression lasts for weeks and affects your ability to function.
Can depression be treated?
Yes. Most people improve with talking therapies, medicines or both.
How long do antidepressants take to work?
Usually two to four weeks or more to notice benefit, and they should be taken as prescribed.
Is depression a sign of weakness?
No. It is a medical condition influenced by biological, psychological and social factors, and it is not a personal failing.
What should I do if I have suicidal thoughts?
Seek help immediately — contact emergency services or a crisis line, go to the nearest emergency department, or tell a trusted person to stay with you.
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Medical sources
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