ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)
اضطراب فرط الحركة ونقص الانتباه
A neurodevelopmental condition causing patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning, typically starting in childhood but often persisting into adulthood with different symptom patterns. It's diagnosed through a comprehensive clinical evaluation, not a single test, and is managed effectively with a combination of behavioral strategies, accommodations, and, for many people, medication.
This information is for general awareness only and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Quick answer
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning. It usually starts in childhood and often continues into adulthood.
Signs include difficulty sustaining attention, being easily distracted, forgetfulness, fidgeting or restlessness, talking excessively, and acting without thinking. Presentation differs between children, adolescents and adults.
ADHD is diagnosed through a comprehensive clinical assessment, not a single test. Management combines behavioural strategies, education and support, and — for many people — medicines prescribed and monitored by a specialist.
Symptoms
Difficulty sustaining attention
On tasks, play, conversations or reading.
Easily distracted and forgetful
Trouble organising and finishing tasks
Losing things needed for tasks
Fidgeting, restlessness or difficulty staying seated
Talking excessively or interrupting
Impulsive actions
Acting without thinking, difficulty waiting for a turn.
Different signs in adults
Restlessness may be internal; problems with time management, organisation and emotional regulation are common.
Causes and risk factors
Causes
- Largely genetic — ADHD runs strongly in families.
- Differences in brain development and function
- Pregnancy and birth factors — Premature birth, low birth weight, and exposure to tobacco, alcohol or certain substances during pregnancy.
- Environmental factors — Play a smaller role; ADHD is not caused by parenting style or diet alone.
Risk factors
- Family history of ADHD
- Premature birth or low birth weight
- Prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol or drugs
- Brain injury
- Other neurodevelopmental conditions
How is it diagnosed?
ADHD is diagnosed by a specialist — such as a paediatrician, psychiatrist or psychologist — after a full assessment.
Detailed history
Symptoms in more than one setting (home, school, work), starting in childhood, and their impact.
Information from others
Reports from parents, teachers or partners, and behaviour rating scales.
Excluding other causes
Hearing or vision problems, sleep problems, anxiety, depression, learning difficulties or medical conditions.
Physical assessment
As needed, including growth, heart health and blood pressure before medicines.
Treatment
ADHD treatment is individualised and can include several approaches. Medicines, when used, are prescribed and monitored by a specialist.
Education and support
Understanding ADHD helps families, teachers and workplaces support the person.
Behavioural strategies and parent training
Consistent routines, clear expectations and rewards, especially in children.
Medicines
Stimulant and non-stimulant medicines can reduce symptoms; choice, dose and monitoring are decided by the specialist.
Psychological therapies
CBT and coaching can help adults and older adolescents with organisation and emotional regulation.
Accommodations
Adjustments at school or work — extra time, structured tasks, a quiet environment.
Medicines need regular review. Don't stop them abruptly or adjust doses without medical advice.
When should you see a doctor?
Arrange a medical assessment if
- Persistent inattention, hyperactivity or impulsivity affecting school, work or relationships
- A child who is falling behind or having repeated behaviour problems
- Suspected ADHD in an adult who has struggled for years
- Sleep difficulties, anxiety or low mood alongside ADHD
- Side effects from ADHD medicines
Seek urgent care if
- Thoughts of suicide or self-harm
- Chest pain, fainting or palpitations on medicines
- Severe aggression or risk-taking behaviour endangering safety
Prevention
ADHD cannot be prevented
But early recognition and support reduce its impact.
Healthy pregnancy
Avoid tobacco, alcohol and drugs in pregnancy.
Keep routines and sleep
Regular sleep, structure and physical activity help symptoms.
Seek assessment early
If you have concerns about a child's attention or behaviour.
Frequently asked questions
What is ADHD?
A neurodevelopmental condition causing persistent inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity that affect daily life.
Does ADHD only affect children?
No. Symptoms often continue into adulthood, though they may look different.
How is ADHD diagnosed?
Through a specialist assessment of history, behaviour across settings and other possible causes, not a single test.
Is ADHD caused by poor parenting or too much screen time?
No. Genetics and brain development are the main factors. Supportive routines can help manage symptoms, but they don't cause ADHD.
Is medicine always needed?
No. It depends on severity and preferences. Behavioural approaches and support are important, and medicines help many people.
Can people with ADHD do well?
Yes. With understanding, support and treatment, many people with ADHD thrive at school, work and in relationships.
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Medical sources
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