Allergic Rhinitis
التهاب الأنف التحسسي
An allergic reaction causing sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, and itchy eyes, usually triggered by pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It's often seasonal but can occur year-round, and is typically managed with allergen avoidance and antihistamine or nasal medications.
This information is for general awareness only and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Quick answer
Allergic rhinitis is inflammation of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, mould or pet dander. When triggered by pollen it is called hay fever.
Typical symptoms are sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, itchy nose, eyes and throat, and watery eyes. It can be seasonal or last year-round.
Treatment combines avoiding triggers with antihistamines, nasal sprays and, for some people, allergen immunotherapy. See a doctor if symptoms affect sleep or daily life, or if you also have wheeze or asthma symptoms.
Symptoms
Sneezing
Often in bouts.
Runny nose
Blocked nose
Itchy nose, throat or roof of the mouth
Red, itchy, watery eyes
Post-nasal drip and cough
Poor sleep and tiredness
From night-time congestion.
Reduced sense of smell
Symptom guides
Causes and risk factors
Causes
- Allergen exposure — The immune system overreacts to pollen, dust mites, mould spores or pet dander.
- Seasonal triggers — Tree, grass and weed pollens at particular times of year.
- Year-round triggers — Dust mites, pets, mould and some workplace substances.
Risk factors
- Family history of allergies
- Other allergic conditions — Asthma or eczema.
- Exposure to tobacco smoke
- High allergen exposure at home or work
- Living in a polluted urban environment
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is usually based on your symptoms, their timing and your response to treatment. Tests help identify the trigger.
History and examination
Pattern of symptoms, triggers, other allergies and a look inside the nose.
Allergy skin-prick test
Tests reactions to common allergens on the skin.
Allergen-specific blood test
Measures IgE antibodies to specific allergens.
Excluding other causes
Such as infection, a deviated septum or sinusitis.
Treatment
Treatment relieves symptoms and reduces exposure. The options are chosen according to how severe symptoms are and what triggers them.
Avoiding triggers
Keep windows closed during high pollen, wash bedding hot, reduce dust and mould, and limit pet contact where relevant.
Antihistamines
Tablets, nasal sprays or eye drops, taken as advised.
Nasal corticosteroid sprays
Effective for congestion and other nasal symptoms when used regularly.
Saline nasal rinses
Help clear allergens and mucus.
Allergen immunotherapy
For selected patients with severe symptoms not controlled by medicines, under specialist care.
Some decongestant sprays should not be used for more than a few days; ask a pharmacist.
When should you see a doctor?
Arrange a medical assessment if
- Symptoms affecting sleep, school or work
- No relief from over-the-counter treatments
- Wheezing, chest tightness or cough
- Persistent one-sided blockage, nosebleeds or facial pain
- Symptoms of sinus infection, such as fever and thick discoloured discharge with facial pain
Seek urgent care if
- Swelling of the lips, tongue or throat, or difficulty breathing after an exposure (severe allergic reaction)
- Severe breathlessness or wheeze that doesn't respond to your usual treatment
Prevention
Reduce exposure to your triggers
Check pollen forecasts, shower after being outdoors in high-pollen periods.
Keep the home dust- and mould-free
Wash bedding regularly at high temperature, ventilate damp areas.
Don't smoke and avoid smoke exposure
Start preventive medicines before your season if advised by your doctor
Frequently asked questions
What is allergic rhinitis?
Nasal inflammation caused by an allergy — causing sneezing, blocked or runny nose and itching.
Is allergic rhinitis the same as a cold?
No. Allergies usually cause itchy eyes and nose and clear discharge, last as long as the trigger is present, and don't cause fever.
What is hay fever?
Allergic rhinitis triggered by pollen, which occurs seasonally.
Can allergic rhinitis be cured?
It can't be cured, but symptoms can be controlled with avoidance and treatment. Immunotherapy can reduce allergic sensitivity in some people.
Is allergic rhinitis linked with asthma?
Yes. Many people with asthma also have allergic rhinitis, and treating the nose can help asthma control.
Do nasal sprays cause dependence?
Nasal steroid sprays and antihistamine sprays are safe for regular use; decongestant sprays should be limited to a few days.
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Medical sources
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