COVID-19
كوفيد-19
A respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe pneumonia and complications, particularly in older adults and people with certain chronic conditions. Vaccination, testing, and isolation guidance have evolved considerably since the initial pandemic period; most current cases in healthy, vaccinated people are mild and manageable at home.
This information is for general awareness only and does not replace professional medical advice. Consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
Quick answer
COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It spreads through droplets and aerosols from an infected person's cough, sneeze or breathing.
Symptoms range from none to severe: fever, cough, sore throat, tiredness, aches, headache, and loss of taste or smell. Most people recover at home; some develop pneumonia and breathing problems.
Testing confirms infection. Treatment is mostly supportive, with antivirals for people at higher risk of severe illness when started early. Vaccination reduces the risk of severe disease. Difficulty breathing, chest pain, confusion or blue lips need urgent care.
Symptoms
Fever or chills
Cough
Sore throat
Tiredness and body aches
Headache
Loss or change of smell or taste
Shortness of breath
May signal more severe illness.
Nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea
Occur in some people.
No symptoms
Some infected people have none but can still spread the virus.
Symptom guides
Causes and risk factors
Causes
- Infection with SARS-CoV-2 — Spread mainly through respiratory droplets and aerosols, especially in close, poorly ventilated spaces; less commonly via contaminated surfaces.
Risk factors
- Older age
- Chronic conditions — Heart, lung, kidney or liver disease, diabetes, obesity.
- Weakened immune system
- Pregnancy
- Being unvaccinated or not up to date with recommended vaccines
- Close contact with an infected person, especially indoors
How is it diagnosed?
COVID-19 is confirmed with a test, especially important for people at higher risk of severe illness.
Rapid antigen test
A quick nose or throat swab test done at home or in a clinic.
PCR test
A laboratory test that is more sensitive.
Assessment of severity
Oxygen level, breathing rate and, when needed, chest X-ray and blood tests.
Treatment
Most people recover with rest and symptom relief. Antivirals or other treatments may be used for people at higher risk or with severe disease, decided by a doctor.
Rest and fluids
Stay hydrated and rest at home while unwell.
Symptom relief
Simple pain and fever relief as advised.
Antiviral medicines
For adults at higher risk of severe disease, started as early as possible on a doctor's advice.
Hospital care for severe illness
Oxygen, and other treatments as needed.
Isolation and hygiene
Follow current local guidance on staying home and protecting others.
Follow current national health authority guidance, which changes over time.
When should you see a doctor?
Arrange a medical assessment if
- You are at higher risk of severe illness and test positive — ask early about treatment
- Symptoms that are worsening or lasting beyond about ten days
- Persistent fever
- Ongoing symptoms after recovery (long COVID), such as fatigue or breathlessness
Seek urgent care if
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath at rest
- Persistent chest pain or pressure
- Confusion, severe drowsiness or inability to stay awake
- Blue or grey lips or face
- Signs of dehydration or being unable to keep fluids down
Prevention
Stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination
As recommended for your age and health.
Improve ventilation
Open windows and meet outdoors when possible.
Wash hands frequently
Stay home when unwell
And wear a well-fitting mask when advised or in high-risk settings.
Test when you have symptoms
Frequently asked questions
What is COVID-19?
An infectious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
What are the symptoms of COVID-19?
Fever, cough, sore throat, tiredness, aches, headache and loss of smell or taste, ranging from mild to severe.
How is COVID-19 spread?
Mainly through droplets and aerosols released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks or breathes.
How is COVID-19 diagnosed?
With a rapid antigen test or a PCR test.
Who is at highest risk of severe illness?
Older adults, people with chronic conditions or weakened immunity, pregnant women, and unvaccinated people.
What is long COVID?
Symptoms such as fatigue, breathlessness or brain fog that continue for weeks or months after infection. See a doctor if this affects your daily life.
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Medical sources
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